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Innovations in the Global Biogas Industry: Applications of Green Principles critically reviews the whole biogas supply chain from substrates to upgraded biogas. The book evaluates the application of green principles at each stage of biogas production and combines this with case studies and a review of the latest technological advances to produce a comprehensive assessment of the current state of the biogas industry. The first three sections of the book guide the reader through the whole supply chain of biogas production, from feedstock and waste management, to process design, plant design, operation, optimization, and end products. The sustainability of biogas industry operations is then addressed in depth through a life cycle assessment, alongside the techno-economics and safety considerations. Each section considers small-, medium-, and large-scale biogas plant related developments, and how green principles are applied at each scale. Finally, the critical element of biogas industry stakeholders is explored, which discusses financing mechanisms, policies and regulations, global markets, and governance issues relating to the biogas sector. Innovations in the Global Biogas Industry: Applications of Green Principles is a valuable reference for scientists and professionals involved in biogas production and will be particularly useful to professionals involved in the design, management, and operations of biogas production plants.

4D printing is positioned to provide a disruptive transformation in how products are designed and manufactured. As a result of the development of functionalized and smart feedstock systems, 4D printing has introduced novel models for developing special feature enabled products that can serve a wide range of scientific and engineering applications, including recent breakthroughs in regenerative biomedicine, food, and construction. In addition, the unique combination of composite materials and 4D-printing methods allows us to exploit the characteristics and stimuli features of composites to create shape memory effects for various applications. 4D Printing of Composites: Methods and Applications provides comprehensive coverage of the theory behind this emerging technology, its impact on materials development, functional characterization, and the technical details required for readers to investigate novel emerging applications. The advantages and limitations of the technology are discussed in detail as well as laboratory developments, industrial implications, commercialization, and avenues for future development. The book will be a valuable reference resource for academic and industrial researchers working in materials science, mechanical engineering, and product design and those working in composite materials development and manufacturing engineering in various industries.