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The term "green chemistry" was coined by Anastas and Warner in the early 1990s and it is nowadays the mainstay of designing and implementing advanced chemical processes that decrease or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances whilst minimizing energy consumption.Solution Combustion Synthesis of Nanostructured Solid Catalysts for Sustainable Chemistry is an interdisciplinary collection of fundamental and applied cutting-edge studies which highlight general and specific aspects of the synthesis of nanostructured catalysts through Solution Combustion Synthesis (SCS), studying their applications from the perspective of green chemistry.This book intends to integrate the fundamental principles of the SCS process with its engineering aspects and covers the synthesis of a wide variety of catalytic materials. This reference book can be used as a permanent consulting material for students, researchers and the general readership for green chemistry, nanochemistry, materials science and chemical engineering.

This book engages with the title question: what is artificial intelligence (AI)? Instead of reiterating received definitions or surveying the field from a disciplinary perspective, the question is engaged here by putting two standpoints into conversation. The standpoints are different in their disciplinary groundings — i.e. technology and the humanities — and also in their approaches — i.e. applied and conceptual. Peter is an AI engineer: his approach is in terms of how to make AI work. Suman is a humanities researcher: his approach is in terms of what people and academics mean when they say 'AI'.A coherent argument, if not a consensus, develops by putting the two standpoints into conversation. The conversation is presented in 32 short chapters, in turn by Suman and Peter. There are two parts: Part 1, Questioning AI, and Part 2, AI and Government Policy. The first part covers issues such as the meaning of intelligence, automation, evolution, artificial and language. It outlines some of the processes through which these concepts may be technologically grounded as AI. The second part addresses policy considerations that underpin the development of AI and responds to the consequences. Themes taken up here include: rights and responsibilities; data usage and state-level strategies in the USA, UK and China; unemployment and policy futures.

Lean Six Sigma is one of the operational excellence methodologies that has been widely adopted in manufacturing, service and healthcare sectors.

This book is about the Dark Energy Survey, a cosmological experiment designed to investigate the physical nature of dark energy by measuring its effect on the expansion history of the universe and on the growth of large-scale structure. The survey saw first light in 2012, after a decade of planning, and completed observations in 2019. The collaboration designed and built a 570-megapixel camera and installed it on the four-metre Blanco telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in the Chilean Andes. The survey data yielded a three-dimensional map of over 300 million galaxies and a catalogue of thousands of supernovae. Analysis of the early data has confirmed remarkably accurately the model of cold dark matter and a cosmological constant. The survey has also offered new insights into galaxies, supernovae, stellar evolution, solar system objects and the nature of gravitational wave events.A project of this scale required the long-term commitment of hundreds of scientists from institutions all over the world. The chapters in the first three sections of the book were either written by these scientists or based on interviews with them. These chapters explain, for a non-specialist reader, the science analysis involved. They also describe how the project was conceived, and chronicle some of the many and diverse challenges involved in advancing our understanding of the universe. The final section is trans-disciplinary, including inputs from a philosopher, an anthropologist, visual artists and a poet. Scientific collaborations are human endeavours and the book aims to convey a sense of the wider context within which science comes about.This book is addressed to scientists, decision makers, social scientists and engineers, as well as to anyone with an interest in contemporary cosmology and astrophysics.

This is the first major textbook on the emerging speciality of remote medicine. The modern concept emerged in the 1970s when the medical directors of the main oil companies operating in the North Sea - BP, Shell and Mobil - sought advice from the University sector since the morbidity and mortality levels of offshore workers had become unacceptable. A system of healthcare was jointly developed and applied by the industrial doctors and the academic doctors of Aberdeen University which worked well and greatly improved the healthcare of the offshore personnel. It was subsequently validated by duplication for the very different scientific population of the British Antarctic Survey where it worked even better. It was next introduced to the oilfields of the Middle East - Qatar (QGPC, Offshore and Onshore), Abu Dhabi (ADMA and ADCO) and Oman (PDO) where it worked equally well. The Aberdeen Universities next collaborated with the UAE University in Abu Dhabi to evaluate and develop telemedicine mainly in the area of education and research and they established early transcontinental courses and conferences together with joint supervision and production of higher degrees between collaborating universities in different parts of the world.The recently established International Remote Healthcare Association (IRHCA), backed by the University of Glasgow, the UAE University in Abu Dhabi and the Siberian State Medical University has established an ongoing study to determine the education and skills required to produce a competent Remote Healthcare Practitioner. The chapters in this book contain the knowledge base currently thought by the IRHCA to be necessary to produce a competent remote healthcare practitioners and thus to allow curricular development of the new courses necessary for the establishment of University qualifications and for the regulating authorities to design examinations and establish appropriate registration. Since this is a new speciality the continuing research of the IRHCA is necessary to act as an audit to ensure that the information in the book, and the courses derived from it remain relevant and also to detect omissions as they are recognised.

The EU has undergone a deep transformation in the last 25 years. The goals adopted by the EU at the international level in climate negotiations have led to the internal adoption of goals by the EU member states. The book examines the changes experienced by the European Union that have gone on in parallel to its leadership in climate negotiations since 1992 and analyses whether combating climate change has contributed to the transformation of European policies.The book takes an in-depth look at the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reduction goals adopted by European states, the leadership of the EU in climate negotiations, the creation of the Energy Union, the commitment to a model of sustainable development, the promotion of a circular economy and the enhancement of cities, as relevant actors in the reduction of emissions and boosting of sound environmental practices.

This book will give readers a unique insiders' perspective on how renewable energy deals actually get done.Renewable Energy Finance (Second Edition) describes in rich detail current best practices and evolving trends in clean energy investing. With contributions by some of the world's leading experts in energy finance, the book documents how investors are spending over $300 billion each year on financing renewable energy and positioning themselves in a growing global investment market. This second edition documents, with practical examples, the ways in which investors have funded over $2.6 trillion in solar, wind, and other renewable energy projects over the past decade. The book will be a go-to reference manual for understanding the factors that shape risk and return in renewable energy, the world's fastest growing industrial sector. Renewable Energy Finance (Second Edition) is suitable for executives new to the field, as well as advanced business students.This new edition will fill an important vacuum in the published book market. Despite exploding interest in renewable energy investing amongst corporate managers, government policymakers, and advanced business students, there is no text in the market that provides an insider's perspective on how large-scale renewable energy projects are funded.Over the last 10 years, many books about renewable energy have been written from an engineering perspective, focusing on technical aspects of clean energy technologies. Books written from a finance & economics perspective have dealt with renewable energy as a sub-set of the energy market or infrastructure financing more generally. Titles in the mass market have focused almost exclusively on investing in shares of renewable energy companies, not renewable energy power projects. Renewable Energy Finance (Second Edition) bridges these gaps by serving an audience of industry professionals and finance scholars with insights and analysis from leading investors putting their firms' money to work in utility-scale renewable energy projects. Essays collected in the book describe project financing vehicles for a range of renewable energy technologies including solar photovoltaic power plants, offshore wind farms, and bio-fuel refineries, as well as financing practices in a diverse set of countries.

This book is a comprehensive introduction to supply chain financing as a business model that enables companies to reduce costs, improve their working capital and manage risks more tightly. Supply chain financing is using the supply chain to fund the organization and using the organization to fund the supply chain. Supply chain financing is of growing importance, the book explains what supply chain funding is and its different components as well as its impact and potential not only on companies using it, but more globally. The content moves from the basics of supply chain management to how to structure a global supply chain finance program in today's marketplace, the emergence of fintech providers, and alternative methods of payment, while also offering a view of the future that incorporates new platforms and analytical tools to optimize efficiencies in an organization and increase working capital flows.Supply Chain Financing is based on the authors' research and teaching at two leading US business schools. This book is useful for supply chain or finance professionals, decision makers in corporate disciplines, as well as students and professors in business fields.

This book is about the author's life motivated by two pursuits: medicine, his profession and flyfishing, his favourite recreation. Each in their own way has provided him with challenges, enjoyment and fulfilment.The book recounts the author's experiences as a wartime school boy, post-war medical student, army doctor in Ghana, and medical research worker at Hammersmith Hospital, London, the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, the Methodist Hospital, Houston and McGill University, Montreal. It describes his drastic change in mid-career from gastroenterology to clinical lipidology and his subsequent efforts to promote the lipid hypothesis of atherosclerosis in the face of entrenched opposition from some members of the cardiological establishment. Among his achievements was the introduction of plasmapheresis to prolong the lives of severely affected patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), a hitherto fatal disorder, and he was among the first to describe the efficacy of statins in FH patients in the UK. The book also describes his leisure time activities including running in the London and New York marathons, and the hazards thereof, and his flyfishing expeditions to catch Atlantic salmon in Scotland and Russia, bonefish in the Bahamas and brown trout in England.The narrative covers the period from the Second World War to the present day, during which there have been dramatic changes in medical practice and social attitudes. It reflects the author's experiences during the latter half of the 20th century, stretching from the early days of penicillin to the introduction of statins, and it concludes with his up to date appraisal of recent and exciting advances in cholesterol-lowering therapy for cardiovascular disease.

Robots interact with the world through curves and surfaces - the subjects of study in differential geometry. This book applies the moving-frame method, developed extensively by Élie Cartan, and the adjoint approach, conceived by Ernesto Cesàro, to study the kinematics of two surfaces subject to rolling contact and sliding-rolling contact to demonstrate the applications in robotic in-hand manipulation.Firstly, it explores two surfaces, and the geometry of both surfaces comes into play. Secondly, the book focuses on the geometry of the two surfaces within the encompassing space (extrinsic) rather than within the surfaces (intrinsic) because the book is concerned with the kinematics of one surface in three-dimensional Euclidean space - the real world. The book then concludes by applying this approach in robotic in-hand manipulation in the last chapter.

We know the Earth rotates, but how do we know? When and how did it become reasonable to believe that the Earth rotates?This book offers a historical account, from ancient Greek science to the theory of relativity and ultimately to videos taken from outer space, of how this widely known truth came to be. Using an accessible and entertaining narrative suitable for anyone interested in astronomy, physics, or the history of either, Kosso clarifies the use of evidence to prove that the Earth rotates, and deals with the tension between the claims that the Earth is absolutely in motion, yet all motion is relative. The book also explores the general nature of scientific evidence and method, and confronts challenges to science from outside the discipline.

This is the first textbook in the field of electrochemistry that will teach experimental electrochemists how to carry out simulation of electrode processes. Processes at both macro- and micro-electrodes are examined and the simulation of both diffusion-only and diffusion–convection processes are addressed. The simulation of processes with coupled homogeneous kinetics and at microelectrode arrays are further discussed.Over the course of the book the reader's understanding is developed to the point where they will be able to undertake and solve research-level problems. The book leads the reader through from a basic understanding of the principles underlying electrochemical simulation to the development of computer programs which describe the complex processes found in voltammetry.

As an emerging discrete structural model, the Hencky bar-chain/net model (HBM) has shown its advantages over other numerical methods in some problems. Owing to the discrete properties of HBM, it is also a suitable model for nano-scale structures which are currently a very hot research topic in mechanics.This book introduces the concepts and previous research of the Hencky bar-chain/net model, before demonstrating how beams, columns, arches, rectangular plates and circular plates could be successfully modelled by HBM. HBM comprises rigid bars connected by frictionless hinges with elastic rotational springs (and a system of torsional springs in the cells for plates). In the treatment of the above-mentioned structures, HBM is found to be mathematically equivalent to the first order central finite difference method (FDM). So HBM may be regarded as the physical structural model behind the FDM.This book is a compilation of the authors' research on the development of the Hencky bar-chain/net model, and is organized according to the development and application of HBM for beams, columns, frames, arches and rings, and plates. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter to aid comprehension and guide learning. It is a useful reference for students, researchers, academics and practitioners in the field of structural analysis.

Acrylamide, a chemical described as 'extremely hazardous' and 'probably carcinogenic to humans', was discovered in food in 2002. Its presence in a range of popular foods has become one of the most difficult issues facing not only the food industry but all stakeholders in the food supply chain and its oversight. Acrylamide is not present in raw food but forms from natural precursors during high-temperature (> 120°C) cooking and food processing. Fried, baked, roasted and toasted potato and cereal products, as well as coffee, are the major contributors to dietary exposure.This book comprehensively describes what is known about the toxicology of acrylamide, how it forms in food, the positions taken by food safety authorities and concurrent regulatory issues. It also covers the food industry's response, the mitigation measures adopted and how successful these have been in reducing our exposure to acrylamide. It then describes the genetic and agronomic approaches that have been taken to reduce the acrylamide-forming potential of major crops.Written by internationally-renowned experts in the field, Acrylamide in Food is detailed and informative, while being accessible to specialists and a general readership.

This book examines the issues across the breadth of elasticity theory. Firstly, the underpinning mathematics of vectors and matrices is covered. Thereafter, the equivalence between the inidicial, symbolic and matrix notations used for tensors is illustrated in the preparation for specific types of material behaviour to be expressed, usually as a response function from which a constitutive stress-strain relation follow.Mechanics of Elastic Solids shows that the elastic response of solid materials has many forms. Metals and their alloys confirm dutifully to Hooke's law. Non-metals do not when the law connecting stress to strain is expressed in polynomial, exponential and various empirical, material specific forms. Hyper- and hypo- elasticity theories differ in that the former is restricted to its thermodynamic basis while the latter pervades many an observed response with its release from thermal restriction, but only at the risk of contravening the laws of thermodynamics.This unique compendium is suitable for a degree or diploma course in engineering and applied mathematics, as well as postgraduate and professional researchers.

Developments in optical spectroscopy have taken new directions in recent decades, with the focus shifting from understanding small gas phase molecules towards applications in materials and biological systems. This is due to significant interest in these topics, which has been facilitated by significant technological developments.Absorption, luminescence and excited state energy transfer properties have become of crucial importance on a large scale in materials related to light-harvesting in organic and inorganic third generation solar cells, for solar water splitting, and in light emitting diodes, TV screens and many other applications. In addition, Förster resonance energy transfer can be used as a ruler for the characterisation of the structure and dynamics of DNA, proteins and other biomolecules via labelling with fluorescing markers.This advanced textbook covers a range of these applications as well as the basics of absorption, emission and energy transfer of molecular systems in the condensed phase, in addition to the corresponding behaviour of metal nanoparticles and semiconductor quantum dots. Technical experimental requirements, aspects to avoid interfering perturbations and methods of quantitative data analysis make this book accessible and ideal for students and researchers in physical chemistry, biophysics and nanomaterials.

Devastating epidemics of untreatable smallpox caused not only deaths but dire disfigurements of face and body as well as one third of all blindness. In the 20th century mortality was estimated at 300 million up to 1978, the year it was proclaimed to be eradicated. Historically, the fact has been overlooked, often forgotten, that the preventative practice of variolation for smallpox was widely adopted internationally during the 18th century and was the precursor to refinement as cowpox vaccination. Never previously traced was the extensive global adoption of the technique or the impetus for this transmission and how, in these countries of its adoption, variolation was the prime mover for a national concept of public health with the establishment of free institutions. The global adoption of the first invasive medical prophylaxis for any disease, the origin of immunity, deserves its place in history.

A compilation of wonderful tributes to the late Ahmed Zewail (1946-2016), considered the 'Father of Femtochemistry', a long-standing icon in the field of physical chemistry, and the father of ultrafast electron-based methods. The book contains testimonies by friends and relatives of Zewail and by outstanding scientists from around the world who worked or have been affiliated with the Nobel prizewinning professor. Each contribution describes the author's own unique experience and personal relationship with Zewail, and includes details of his scientific achievements and the stories around them. Personal and Scientific Reminiscences collects accounts from the most important individuals in the physical and chemical sciences to give us a unique insight into the world and work of one of the great scientists of our time.

A compilation of wonderful tributes to the late Ahmed Zewail (1946-2016), considered the 'Father of Femtochemistry', a long-standing icon in the field of physical chemistry, and the father of ultrafast electron-based methods. The book contains testimonies by friends and relatives of Zewail and by outstanding scientists from around the world who worked or have been affiliated with the Nobel prizewinning professor. Each contribution describes the author's own unique experience and personal relationship with Zewail, and includes details of his scientific achievements and the stories around them. Personal and Scientific Reminiscences collects accounts from the most important individuals in the physical and chemical sciences to give us a unique insight into the world and work of one of the great scientists of our time.

Breaches and Bridges — German Foreign Policy in Turbulent Times features an agenda-setting speech by the Federal President of Germany, Dr Frank-Walter Steinmeier, delivered as a GIGA Distinguished Speaker Lecture in June 2016, when he served as the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs.This speech is accompanied by two essays. The first is an introduction by the First Mayor of Hamburg, Olaf Scholz, which reflects on the role of the Hanseatic City in world affairs. The second is a brief analysis by Professor Amrita Narlikar, President of the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies. Narlikar identifies the necessity for a more profound understanding of historical trajectories, political traditions, and bargaining cultures of international negotiating partners, and invokes new forms of leadership and cooperation in global governance.In his speech, Dr Steinmeier announces the German candidacy for a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council and outlines German foreign policy with its cornerstones of peace, justice, innovation, and partnership. In a period of global transition and turmoil, the world needs creative and feasible solutions. This volume (with articles in both English and German) will be a valuable resource for students, academics, policymakers, and practitioners in the field of international relations and foreign affairs.