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Atropisomerism and Axial Chirality provides a global survey of the chemistry of axially chiral compounds including biaryls, heterobiaryls, non-biaryl atropisomers, allenes and spyrocyclic derivatives. From the perspective of a synthetic organic chemist, this book provides a unique compilation of the available methodologies for their synthesis, with emphasis on the most efficient and modern strategies, a review of the huge amount of practical applications in the field of asymmetric catalysis, either as transition metal ligands or as organocatalysts, and an overview of their occurrence as bioactive compounds and natural products.The first of its kind, this book serves as a general introduction and a practical reference to advanced chemistry students and researchers, while also offering creative ideas for further developments in the field.

Many women scientists, particularly those who did crucial work in two world wars, have disappeared from history. Until they are written back in, the history of science will continue to remain unbalanced. This book tells the story of Elizabeth Alexander, a pioneering scientist who changed thinking in geology and radio astronomy during WWII and its aftermath.Building on an unpublished diary, recently declassified government records and archive material adding considerably to knowledge about radar developments in the Pacific in WWII, this book also contextualises Elizabeth's academic life in Singapore before the war, and the country's educational and physical reconstruction after it as it moved towards independence.This unique story is a must-read for readers interested in scientific, social and military history during the WWII, historians of geology, radar, as well as scientific biographies.

Across the world, the demands placed on health systems are growing rapidly. Developed countries face the challenge of providing services to an ageing population with changing health needs, while countries with developing health systems must find ways of ensuring their populations are provided with access to healthcare. Innovative thinking is essential to meet these twin challenges, but innovation is both a cause and cure of many struggles in healthcare - we need it, but it is hard to manage and the introduction of new technology can lead to higher costs.Using real-life examples and case studies from around the world, this book introduces the latest thinking on understanding and managing healthcare innovation more effectively. It does this from the perspective of governments responsible for shaping health policy, healthcare organisations providing services and juggling competing demands, and from the perspective of the industries that supply the new drugs, devices and other technologies.Managing Innovation in Healthcare is the perfect accompaniment for MSc, PhD and MBA students on health policy, management and public health courses, as well as managers, consultants and policy makers involved in healthcare services in both the public and private sector.

This book gives an overview of key themes domestically and internationally from the 19th Communist Party Congress held in Beijing in October 2017, setting out the main policy priorities for the Xi government in China as the country moves towards fulfillment of the first Centenary Goal, the hundredth anniversary of the Communist Party of China in 2021.Written as the first full length analysis by an international group of authors of different aspects of the Congress, making it perfect for graduate students and researchers, as well as individuals interested in China Studies.

This book is concerned with cheating in Science and the harm that it does, concentrating on three disasters in cell culture, which caused international concern and personal tragedy for the perpetrators. There is an overview of plant, animal and human cheating, providing a background to the focus on Science. This demands a special form of truth in that claims need to be substantiated by repetition in independent laboratories to confirm that the claims work. The nature of originality is examined in art and Science.An attempt has been made to determine the background and motives for cheating in Science in the certain knowledge that it will be unmasked leading to scandal.Advice is given to the young Scientist and suggestions have been made as to how fraud in Science could be reduced by more regulated supervision. There is a need to revise the regulations and assessment of claims of originality and the whole review process of journals to avoid publishing fake data.This text is unusual in focusing on three well-documented cases. The data should not have been published in high impact journals if more rigorous review had been made. Journals should require independent repetition of claims that seem to be "too good to be true". This little book should be of considerable interest to young scientists, historians of science and editors of scientific journals. The general reader might find it fascinating to learn how science works or does not work.

The book contains self-contained descriptions of existing models, accompanied by critical analyses of their properties both from a theoretical and practical standpoint. It aims to develop 'modeling skills' within the readers, giving them the ability to develop their own models and improve existing ones. Written in connection with a full, open source Python Library, this project also enables readers to run the simulations discussed within the text.

This handbook gives a general overview of the possibilities in recent developments in chromatographic retention modeling. As a result of the latest developments in modeling software, several new features are now accessible, opening a new level in HPLC method development.Many of these current possibilities in software assisted liquid chromatographic method modeling for analytical purposes are presented. Several modes of chromatography, including Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography (RPLC), Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEX), Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC), and Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) are explained in detail. For all these chromatographic modes, the most important variables for tuning retention and selectivity are exposed.Beside the industrial and practical benefits of retention modeling, the possibilities in teaching and education are also illustrated. Finally, numerous representative industrial examples are shown, to highlight the benefits, time and cost savings offered by state-of-the-art software assisted HPLC method development.

As an emerging discipline, data science broadly means different things across different areas. Exploring the relationship of data science with statistics, a well-established and principled data-analytic discipline, this book provides insights about commonalities in approach, and differences in emphasis.Featuring chapters from established authors in both disciplines, the book also presents a number of applications and accompanying papers.

The power of electrochemical measurements in respect of thermodynamics, kinetics and analysis is widely recognised but the subject can be unpredictable to the novice even if they have a strong physical and chemical background, especially if they wish to p

Lignin is one of the most abundant plant-derived feedstock on earth and qualifies as a renewable material. However, lignin is widely recognized as waste byproduct of the cellulosic ethanol and pulp and paper industry. How to properly modify lignin and develop it into functional polymers is a huge challenge, but an attractive research topic in both industry and academia.This book brings together leading engineering approaches to address the challenges of lignin valorization. It presents the chemistry and properties of different types of lignin, and explores the cutting-edge approaches of lignin modifications. Unlike any existing texts, this book not only summarizes the traditional ways of using lignin, but also presents various potential applications of lignin materials together with advanced processing techniques.The basis of lignin (its chemistry, types and properties) is described, as are different approaches to modify it. The features of lignin and its copolymers are explored and aligned with their potential applications. In addition to the carbon materials from lignin, the advanced fabrication approaches to engineer lignin-based micro/nano-structural materials are summarized.

This book aims to develop the ideas from fundamentals of percolation theory to practical reservoir engineering applications. Through a focus on field scale applications of percolation concepts to reservoir engineering problems, it offers an approximation method to determine many important reservoir parameters, such as effective permeability and reservoir connectivity and the physical analysis of some reservoir engineering properties. Starring with the concept of percolation theory, it then develops into methods to simple geological systems like sand-bodies and fractures. The accuracy and efficiency of the percolation concept for these is explained and further extended to more complex realistic models.Percolation Theory in Reservoir Engineering primarily focuses on larger reservoir scale flow and demonstrates methods that can be used to estimate large scale properties and their uncertainty, crucial for major development and investment decisions in hydrocarbon recovery.

Fundamentals of Tribology deals with the fundamentals of lubrication, friction and wear, as well as mechanics of contacting surfaces and their topography. It begins by introducing the reader to the importance of tribology in everyday life and offers a brief history of the subject. It then describes the nature of rough surfaces and the mechanics of contacting elastic solids and their deformation under load and friction in their relative motion. The book goes on to discuss the importance of lubricant rheology with respect to viscosity and density. Then, the principles of hydrodynamic lubrication are covered with derivations of the governing Reynolds and energy equations. Applications of hydrodynamic lubrication in various forms of bearings - journal bearings, thrust bearings and externally pressurised bearings - are outlined. The important and still evolving subject of elastohydrodynamic lubrication is treated in some detail, both at its fundamentals and its applications in thin shell or overlay bearings, cam-followers and internal combustion engine pistons.The fundamentals of biotribology are also covered, particularly its applications to endo-articular mammalian joints such as hip and knee joints and their arthroplasty. In addition, there is a treatment of the rapidly emerging knowledge of tribological phenomena in lightly loaded vanishing conjunctions (nanotribology), in natural systems and very small devices, such as MEMS and high density data storage media. There is also a new chapter on the rapidly emerging subject of surface texturing to promote retention of microreservoirs of lubricant, acting as microbearings and improving lubrication of otherwise poorly lubricated conjunctions.This book targets the undergraduate and postgraduate body as well as engineering professionals in industry, where often a quick solution or understanding of certain tribological fundamentals is sought. The book can also form an initial basis for those interested in research into certain aspects of tribology.

Pedagogical in style, this book provides insights into plasma behavior valid over twenty orders of magnitude in both time and space. The book assumes that the reader has a basic knowledge of magnetohydrodynamics and explains topics using detailed theoretical analysis supported by discussion of relevant experiments. This comprehensive approach gives the reader an understanding of the essential theoretical ideas and their application to real situations.The book starts by explaining the topological concept of magnetic helicity and then develops a helicity-based model that predicts the ultimate state towards which magnetically-dominated plasmas evolve. The model predicts that no matter how messy or complicated the dynamics, a great range of plasma configurations always self-organize to a unique, simple final state. This self-organization, called relaxation, is a fundamental concept that unifies understanding of spheromaks, solar corona loops, interplanetary magnetic clouds, and astrophysical jets.After establishing why relaxation occurs, the book then examines how relaxation occurs. It shows that relaxation involves a sequence of complex non-equilibrium dynamics including fast self-collimated plasma jets, kink instabilities, magnetic reconnection, and phenomena outside the realm of magnetohydrodynamics.

This popular science book offers a glimpse into a plethora of extreme cosmic phenomena in which the theories of modern physics, particularly quantum mechanics and general relativity, play a key role. Despite their vastly different appearances, these cosmic phenomena have much in common: they are all powered by exotic stars - black holes, neutron stars and white dwarfs - collectively called compact objects.The book describes, in accessible language, the physics underlying these phenomena, the historical background that led to their discovery, and the various observational techniques used by astronomers for their exposure. The book contains many spectacular photographs taken with modern telescopes around the world and satellites of different space agencies, as well as illustrations specially prepared by the author to enhance the reading experience.

In the oil and gas industries, large companies are endeavoring to find and utilize efficient structural health monitoring methods in order to reduce maintenance costs and time. Through an examination of the vibration-based techniques, this title addresses theoretical, computational and experimental methods used within this trend.By providing comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of established and emerging processes, this book enables the reader to draw their own conclusions about the field of vibration-controlled damage detection in comparison with other available techniques. The chapters offer a balance between laboratory and practical applications, in addition to detailed case studies, strengths and weakness are drawn from a broad spectrum of information.

The interpretation of quantum mechanics has been in dispute for nearly a century with no sign of a resolution. Using a careful examination of the relationship between the final form of classical particle mechanics (the Hamilton-Jacobi Equation) and Schrödinger's mechanics, this book presents a coherent way of addressing the problems and paradoxes that emerge through conventional interpretations.Schrödinger's Mechanics critiques the popular way of giving physical interpretation to the various terms in perturbation theory and other technologies and places an emphasis on development of the theory and not on an axiomatic approach. When this interpretation is made, the extension of Schrödinger's mechanics in relation to other areas, including spin, relativity and fields, is investigated and new conclusions are reached.

This book presents recent advances in the field of computational coupling and contact mechanics with particular emphasis on numerical formulations and methodologies necessary to solve advanced engineering applications.Featuring contributions from leading experts and active researchers in these fields who provide a detailed overview of different modern numerical schemes that can be considered by main numerical methodologies to simulate interaction problems in continuum mechanics.A number of topics are addressed, including formulations based on the finite element method (FEM) and their variants (e.g. isogeometric analysis or standard and generalized high-order FEM: hp-FEM and GFEM, respectively), the boundary element method (BEM), the material point method (MPM) or the recently proposed finite block method (FBM), among many more.Written with PhD students in mind, Advances in Computational Coupling and Contact Mechanics also includes the most recent numerical techniques which could be served as reference material for researchers and practicing engineers. All chapters are self-contained and can be read independently, with numerical formulations accompanied by practical engineering applications.