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The first English hospitals appeared soon after the Norman Conquest. By the year 1300 they numbered over 500, caring for the sick at every level of society. This text traces their origin and follows their development through the crisis periods of the Black Death and the Reformation.

The Italian statesman and political theorist, Niccolo Machiavelli, wrote not only political tracts but also comedies, poems, fables and letters that are seemingly lighthearted. The contributors to this volume explore the meanings of Machiavelli's literary works, the light as well as the dark.

For every issue that arises on the legislative agenda, each member of Congress must take two decisions: what position to take and how active to be. This study develops a theory to account for varying levels of participation across members and issues, within House and Senate.

Drawing on postmodernist scepticism about what we know and how we know it and on recent developments in the philosophy of science and feminist theory, this book offers a new perspective on the meaning of gender, one that is not determined by the traditional focus on male-female differences.

The book begins in 1859, when Ruskin is tutoring Rose La Touche, a girl of ten, with whom he slowly falls in love. Hilton recounts how this relationship developed into one of the saddest love affairs of literary history, ending in tragedy in 1875. Thereafter, says Hilton, Ruskin' s life was punctuated by bouts of insanity and despair.

This work traces the evolution of the state of Colorado during its formative years from 1860 to 1940. It chronicles its changing cultural landscapes and connections to a larger America, and shows that Colorado has exemplified the unfolding of a complex western environment.

This is the 102nd volume in the "Yale French Studies" series. Focusing on the subject of "Belgian Memories", it features three sections containing essays on topics such as "What, if anything, is a Belgian?" and "Family Secrets and Social Memory in 'Les Aventures de Tintin'".

Vincenzo Galilei, the father of the astronomer Galileo, was a guiding light of the Florentine Camerata. His "Dialogue on Ancient and Modern Music", published in 1581 or 1582 and here translated into English, was among the most influential music treatises of his era.

A critical examination of the major existing philosophical and constitutional theories on affirmative action in the United States. The book elaborates a theory that strongly defends the justice of affirmative action from the standpoint of both philosophy and constitutional law.

Stricken with guilt and grief when his father, mother and brother died in quick succession, Eugene O'Neill mourned deeply for two decades. This critical biography presents an understanding of O'Neill's life, work and slow grieving.

A thematic discussion of Russian history during the reign of Peter The Great. It covers Russia's foreign policy, the army and navy, economy, society, the arts and religion, and explores the experience of women, and the life of the court. Although this is not a biography of Peter the Great it recounts the events which shaped his early life.

This study of the experience of Jews in Weimar Germany after World War I suggests that the Jewish population became increasingly aware of its own identity, and created new forms of German-Jewish culture in literature, music, fine arts, education and scholarship.

In this study, the author reviews and reorganizes data about Freud's development and life circumstances to provide a psychodynamic interpretation of his rejection of God. She contends that Freud's early life made it impossible for him to believe in a provident and caring divine being.

A social and cultural history of out-of-wedlock pregnancy in the United States from 1890 to 1945. The book examines the three groups of women involved with the issue: the evangelical reformers, the new generation of social workers and the unmarried mothers themselves.

This text tells how opera, steeped in European aristocratic tradition, was transplanted into the democratic cultural enviroment of America. It includes vignettes of productions, personalities, audiences and theatres throughout the country from 1735 to the present day.

An investigation of the Cecilian, cult from its beginnings in Christian antiquity to the Renaissance, offering an explanation on how Cecilia came to be linked with music and an interpretation of Raphael's painting "The Ecstasy of Saint Cecilia".

A monumental history of modern criticism that offers a comprehensive survey of the main currents of twentieth-century criticism in Western Europe.

Discussing how the federal government has used the army to intervene in domestic crises, this comprehensive history of military surveillance in the United States traces the evolution of America's internal security policy during the past 200 years.

For five years, Herman Kruk recorded his experiences and those of others, documenting the life and resistance of European Jews in the shadow of imminent death. This chronicle includes all recovered pages of his diaries and provides an account of the annihilation of the Jewish community of Vilna.

An account of the history of Jewish immigrants in London and of Britains response to them. The book investigates the reality of Jewish assimilation and reveals that despite the legal freedoms, cultural and political antipathy to Jews was far greater than assumed, and their integration a fiction.

This presents an anthropological account of the Swahili and offers an analysis of their culture. Previously, the Swahili settlements have been viewed as a series of isolated and "detribalized" groups, but here, Middleton argues that beneath the cultural variation is a single structure.

Discusses the role played by psychoactive mushrooms in the religious rituals of ancient Greece, Eurasia, and Mesoamerica. Wasson, who investigated how these mushrooms were venerated and used by different native peoples, here joins with three other scholars to discuss his discoveries.

Confronted by the challenges of the information age and the post-Soviet world, the US intelligence community must adapt and change, say the authors of this provocative text. They examine intelligence failures and call for reform in the organization and approach of intelligence agencies.

An investigation of tourism and its transforming impact on cities, by urban experts from a variety of disciplines. They examine such tourist meccas as Las Vegas, Orlando and Boston, and take up themes such as the marketing of cities and how tourists perceive places.

This text considers the nature of French history and the awareness of its influence, surveying the ways that various political communities in France during the past two centuries have used different versions of the past in order to define their identities and legitimize their goals.