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The image of Cleopatra VII Philopator, often a cause of controversy and debate, has long been of particular interest among collectors of classical antiquities and academics. Starting from the controversial identification of the Capitoline Cleopatra and critical reading of the iconographic and literary documentation available, the author discusses iconographic and methodological issues and offers new interpretations and identifications of royal female statuary in Egyptian style. This volume offers a wide panorama of the Lagid figurative culture (Egyptian and Greek) and includes a catalogue of the monuments. The author's Egyptological and semiotic analysis of the sardonyx agate phiale, better known as the "Farnese Cup", reveals what may be considered the most evident and effective result of the concept of 'bilingual' expression through iconography. The historical, cultural, political and religious aspects of the Ptolemaic dynasty are discussed, and special attention is given to the religious politics of the Lagid sovereigns in Egyptian territory and particularly to the deification of the Ptolemaic queens.

In 1992, in the context of the Archaeological Project Teotihuacan 92-94 under the direction of Eduardo Matos Montezuma , two caves in the southeast of the Pyramid of the Sun were excavated. The undertaken research demonstrated the use of these caves by teotihuacanos in a ceremonial context but also by the cultures after the collapse of this great metropolis. This book provides a new interpretation of the research done in the nineties using a wider understanding of the use and function of this underground ceremonial complex. Chronological periods have been updated, and the social models are more adapted to the current interpretations of teotihuacan society and the meaning an function of their rulers from classic to postclassic periods. Also this book is a contribution to the study and understanding of the symbolism of caves in the Mesoamerica cultural area.

Archaeobotanical data is used as the basis for the investigations of the subsistence economy at the Early Bronze Age settlement Küllüoba in west-central Anatolia. This work introduces new evidence from this EBA settlement located on a flat mound in the upper Sakarya Valley. For the investigation of crops and animal husbandry, evidence of the weed taxa and their ecological meaning in the archaeobotanical records are considered as the main sources of information in order to understand husbandry practices such as cropping sequences, intensity of the crop cultivation, harvesting methods and long or short-term cultivation of the fields. Examining the archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological evidence together, the author argues that small-scale intensive crop and animal husbandry was the subsistence strategy for the inhabitants of EBA Küllüoba. Strong evidence is also found to suggest that Early Bronze Age Küllüoba functioned as an egalitarian farming community organized around extended families.

This tribute volume to Oliver Dickinson marks the occasion of his retirement from his post at the University of Durham. It is a tribute by only a few (unavoidably) of his friends, colleagues and former students, marking the formal cessation of Oliver's teaching responsibilities. Oliver's ongoing participation in major projects (e.g. Lefkandi, Argolid) makes it clear that his contributions to Aegean Bronze Age studies will not end with his retirement. This Festschrift was assembled merely as a token of its contributors' appreciation of his achievements hitherto, and in anticipation of many more still to come. The title of the volume, Autochthon, highlights the central notion in his classic synthesis, namely that "[...] the history of Mycenaean development can be understood as that of progressive assimilation of the mainland societies to the earlier Aegean civilisations, artistically and politically". Indeed, one of Oliver's main contributions in Aegean prehistory has been to depict the emergence of Mycenaean 'civilisation' as a multi-linear and dynamic process, associated with Cretan influence yet not entirely dependent on it; it was also informed, he has suggested, by indigenous Helladic cultures and heralded by the emergence of MH 'shadowy aristocracies' in various regions of the mainland.

In this study of Late Roman Republican coin hoards (157-2 BC), the author, rather than taking a specific testable hypothesis such as 'hoards from Spain have more coins of type A than hoards in Italy', prefers to tackle the question: 'what patterning is there in the hoard data?' Just as there are schools of archaeological thought there are schools of statistical thought. It is not uncommon for statistics to be viewed as a way of testing a quite specific hypothesis which is accepted or rejected on the basis of the results. An alternative approach is to view statistics as a method for exploring data. With the development of computers, the application of more complex multivariate tools has grown, but the aim of 'exploring' the data is similar. The methods chosen by the author in this study are mainly Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis; these were selected as those most likely to answer his initial question. What those patterns mean take us from the realm of statistics into the realm of numismatic and archaeological interpretation. Archaeologically and historically, the principal aim is to examine the reasons for the differences between hoards such as the pattern of supply of coinage, or differences in the use of coinage.

The purpose of this study is to explore, through a variety of approaches, the extent to which the stereotype of the 'obese medieval monk' is founded in truth. The work aims to determine the 'antiquity' of that stereotype, by exploring the image of the monk throughout the medieval period (defined as AD 1066-c.1540), and the contribution of the medieval accusations and criticisms of monks to the evolution of the modern stereotype. Chapters focus on archaeological and historical evidence pertaining to monastic diet, and an osteological study comparing the physique and the prevalence of obesity-related joint disease in medieval monks from London with their secular counterparts. Ultimately, the evidence presented in each chapter is drawn together and considered to give a holistic perspective on the 'obese medieval monk'.

This book explores the theory of landscape and the possibility of conscious inclusion of landscape features in the architecture of rural sanctuaries in the Roman Near East.

*Funta place-names, epitomize the complex network of linguistic and historical intersections in post-Roman Britain. It was a Latin term originally, but adopted and adapted by non-Romans, and used to describe liminal spaces where British and Germanic peoples met. Despite their relevance to a number of key questions about interactions between these cultures, they have never been systematically catalogued and studied before. This research, combining linguistic and archaeological analysis, remedies this. The book provides a detailed gazetteer of sites, extensive analysis and interpretation and, finally, an explanation of language usage and development in the fifth century. It precisely defines the *funta element in place names for the first time. It also discusses the development of British to Old English culture, and provides an insight into peaceful interactions between the different cultures that made up early Anglo-Saxon England, to temper the more traditional characterization of this period as a Dark Age.

Fifteen papers, eight from a session at the SAA meeting in Denver in 2002 on Natufian cultures and the others invited papers, examine various issues associated with the cultures of the late Pleistocene in the Near East.

The idea of putting together this book was inspired by the session 'Thinking beyond the Tool: Archaeological Computing and the Interpretive Process', which was held at the Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) conference in Bristol (17-19 December 2010). The session, as well as the regular format of paper presentations, included a round table discussion at the end of the session, to provide a debate forum for the participants, and encourage the development of the dialogue which emerged from the various presentations. This format not only facilitated the discussion on a better theorised approach to computer applications in archaeology, but also allowed delegates with diverse backgrounds to elaborate on common concerns from different perspectives. The overarching theme of the session, which revolved around how the various computational tools affect the ways we practice archaeology and interpret and disseminate aspects of the past, generated a series of stimulating debates.Commentary by Jeremy Huggett.

Two hundered years of antiquarian and archaeological and archaeological interest has generated an archive of some 1350 Viking Age amulets. These objects are manufactured from a variety of materials, most often metals, and were often, but not always, wornas pendants. However, all are miniatures, objects shaped like something else - tools, weapons, animals, people, or more abstract religious symbols, including hammers and crosses. They can be understood as material symbols which gained meaning through reference to phenomena beyond themselves - real animals, people and so on. I argue that this symbolism must be understood within a religious frame of reference. Previous archaeological research into Viking Age religion has suffered from an uncritical acceptance of written sources that are late, biased and geographically isolated. Since religion is also behaviour in the world, there is no intrinsic reason why texts should be a better source of information that should artefacts. As an archaeological material, the corpus of amulets has a history of recovery. Analysis of times of recovery for different types of contexts reveals how the composition of the archaeological archive changes. Contemporary texts highlight the different priorities and interests, which in turn shaped research strategies. Thus, it is clear that the archive cannot be isolated from its own history. The archive represents a real, but partial record of what existed in the past. The history of recovery throws light on how the archive is partial. The present study examines the various types, materials and contexts of the amulets. It documents how amulet types have different dates and distributions, suggesting that religious practise changed through time. Some of this change may be due to influences from Christian Europe, but this may not explain everything. In any case, the chronology and distribution of amulets suggest that late, Norse sources may not be perfectly suited for understanding all amulets everywhere in the Viking world. I divide contexts into four types, graves, hoards, settlement finds and stray finds. Amulets in graves do not appear to reflect accidental inclusions of whatever the living used, but were rather selected carefully to answer needs specific to the dead. Many burial amulets are made of iron, and may have been made specifically for burial. Silver is largely absent, and may have been part of collective, rather than individual wealth. Hoard finds are dominated by silver. Viking Age silver hoards seem to be explicable in purely economic terms. There seems no reason to regard these hoards as ritual or sacral in any way. Settlement finds cluster on a few important sites, including Hedeby, Helgö, Birka and Tissø. Unfortunately, these sites do not compare readily with each other, and no clear pattern of intersite distribution appears. Most settlement finds are made from supposedly cheap materials, including iron and lead, suggesting that the amulets selected for graves and hoards do not represent everything. At least part of the settlement material seems to have been intentionally deposited. Stray finds highlight the influence of post-depositional factors. Much may originate in other contexts, and stray simply due to accident or poor recording. However, the stray finds also contain unreasonable amounts of copper-alloys, suggesting that this material cannot simply represent accidental strays from other contexts. Rather, amulets of copper-alloy, especially, must have been used in activities that did not centre on burial, hoarding or settlement. Possibly, these amulets were specifically deposited at sites away from the settlements. Finally, I offer some tentative suggestions for how to relate amulet studies with emergent archaeological theory on personhood and the landscape. I analyse craftsmanship in some detail, and argue that a wide variety of different situations existed.

This book contains papers read at the conference "West African archaeology, New developments, New perspectives", co-sponsored by the Nigerian Field Society and the Department of Archaeology of the University of Sheffield, with the support of the University's Humanities Research Institute, which was held at the HRI in Sheffield on 27 June 2009. They are a testimony to the fact that - for all the constraints imposed upon it - archaeological research in West Africa continues to be pursued actively and to make a significant contribution to the subject in the continent as a whole.

Un établissement complexe de la culture d'Artenac dans le Centre-Ouest de la FranceThis fortified enclosure has been known since the middle of the 19th century, but the size and the state of preservation (with the height of the rampart estimated optimistically at 10 metres!) suggested an attribution to the Gallo-Romans or a 'Camp des Anglais'. Extensive woodland covered the major part of the site, and it is only recently during modern clearance undertaken in order to expand agricultural land that prehistoric artefacts dating from the Late Neolithic were brought to the surface and attributed to the Artenac culture (third millennium BC). At that moment a rampart more than three metres in height was revealed. The excavation of the ditched enclosures at Diconche (Saintes, Charente-Maritime) published in 1999 revealed the previously unrecognized importance of the areas of habitation belonging to this period. At Le Camp the construction above the natural surface can be compared to the fortified spurs which had previously been chronologically attached to the Late Neolithic. It should be mentioned that a site situated not far away, Le Gros Bost at Saint-Méard-de-Dronne, had revealed structures of the same nature during a trial dig in 1994. At Le Camp, the first excavation in 1994/1995 confirmed the originality and the interest of this type of site. Consequently an excavation was undertaken from 1996 to 2000 under the direction of Claude Burnez, and this was followed by a second operation directed by Catherine Louboutin (2002/2003). This publication concerns the first of these operations and the pottery from the second. It is now possible, taking into consideration the material found both at Diconche and Le Camp, to propose an evolution that includes the flint artefacts, the pottery and the dwelling structures of Artenac: Artenac I: first period before the Bell Beakers; Artenac II: a period which was influenced directly or indirectly by the Bell Beakers; Artenac III: a third period post-Bell Beakers. This period which was found homogeneously present (forty thousand sherds) in structure XVIII during the 2002/2003 excavation is characterised by the absence of plates. Numerous bottles, lids -the only decorated finds- 'nose-shaped' lugs and waved shoulders and the rarity of the flint are to be noted. This material was accompanied by the doliums and pigs' feet. Given the negative characteristics of this assemblage, it is difficult to isolate them among the levels containing multiple occupations, as was the case during the 1994/2000 excavations. It is of great importance to insist upon the complete absence of the Bell Beakers' influence and the exclusive presence of original Artenacien pottery. The sites situated outside the Charente/Périgord area, such as Fort Harrouard, Les Vaux à Moulin-sur-Céphons, Cavignac in Gironde and Marsa at Beauregard (Lot), would appear to belong to this latter category. The contributors to the volume are Alain Villes, François Fischer, Céline Landreau, Séverine Braguier, José Gomez de Soto, Bernard et Thérèse Bourgueil and Emmanuelle Boulestin.

In this volume the author presents detailed patterns on several lithic collections coming from ancient sites of a limited area in northern Spain, yielding evidence of the first and second phases of occupations of Europe. The author discusses variability of technical processes over a long period of time, taking into account raw material collection and the influences of stone quality on technical variability. He also provides experimental analysis to give another perspective on the archaeological collections. This work provides a substantial volume of data on several sites and the interest of a study on a small area is clearly demonstrated, providing new explanations on the variability of ancient assemblages and contributing to a better understanding of what constitutes variability in human behaviour over a long period of time, with particular reference to the the first occupations of southern Europe

Grim Investigations: Reaping the DeadArchaeology has a unique and significant perspective to offer the territorial debate. In the 1970s Saxe and Goldstein argued, based on ethnographic literature, that cemeteries indicate the existence of control over resources. No other discipline has recognised this link. Because their ideas were developed in a processual context, they were systematically rejected as part of the post-processual shift, and yet their theory internalised an impressive complexity, recognised a 'real' cross-cultural pattern, and contained within it a potential which has rarely been recognized. Geographers, ethnologists, and others have studied territoriality, but at its core it is a human behaviour and archaeology is uniquely placed to explore it from a human perspective. The main research questions with which this study is concerned involve: 1. Are hunter-gatherers territorial? 2. Is the Saxe-Goldstein hypothesis relevant to archaeologically documented hunter-gatherers? 3. What is a 'cemetery'? 4. Is it possible to identify what resources were controlled? 5. Can we understand how cemeteries were able to stand as ideological claims over resources? Chapter 2 argues that the Saxe-Goldstein hypothesis - albeit with some ideological modification - does have relevance to archaeological investigations, and that there is ethnographic support for territorial behaviour among contemporary hunter-gatherer communities. Chapter 3, and is based on a comparative analysis of mortuary practices. A database containing information on 1747 individuals from sites in Western Europe and North Africa is analysed to investigate the role of cemeteries in territorial control; it is included on a CD as a series of Excel files and summarised in Chapter 4 to identify high minimum number of individuals sites in the regions not considered in the case studies. Two detailed case studies - Mesolithic (c. 9000-4000 BC) Scandinavia and Ibéromaurusian and Capsian (c.18,000-4000 BC) North Africa follow in Chapters 5 & 6. Chapter 7 brings together various strands,in particular with regards to understanding what 'cemeteries' are and the relationship of the different territorial regimes to notions of property.

This monograph comprises the Proceedings of The Pharmacy and Medicine in Ancient Egypt Conferences, jointly organised by The University of Manchester, Britain, and the National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, and held at The National Research Centre (March 19-21, 2007) and The University of Manchester (September 1-3, 2008).

This research seeks to understand the process of transformation of the city of Cordoba (Andalusia, southern Spain) during Late Antiquity, with a special focus on the material evidence indicative of the Christianization of funeral and urban topography of this city belonging to the ancient Roman province of Baetica. In so doing, this study goes beyond an understanding of the strict context of the necropolis itself, which forms the core of the project.

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006), Volume 48, Session C35This book includes papers from Session C35, Neolithic and Chalcolithic Archaeology in Eurasia: Building Techniques and Spatial Organisation, presented at the XV UISPP World Congress, Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006.

This work introduces all the multicomponent artifact complexes from the Stone Age Chukotkan archaeological sites (north-eastern Siberia) discovered by the author so that researchers can have a broad access to them. Illustrative material has been selected (including those objects that are few in number, as well as isolated finds) in order to give this work the character of a primary source.Written by Margarita A. Kiryak (Dikova). Translated and edited by Richard L. Bland and Yaroslav V. Kuzmin.

The Japan Association for Quaternary Research (JAQUA) and the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), celebrated their 50th and 125th anniversaries, respectively, with an international symposium entitled 'Quaternary Environmental Changes and Humans in Asia and the Western Pacific', November 19-22, 2007, in Tsukuba, Japan. This volume represents the papers presented at the session Environmental Changes and Human Occupation in North and East Asia during OIS 3 and OIS 2, focusing on the correlation between environmental changes and human activities among Palaeolithic sites in North and East Asia.

16 papers from the 'Egyptology in Australia and New Zealand' Conference held in Melbourne, September 4th-6th 2009.

This fresh categorisation and examination grew from the author's innate curiosity about the shapes and forms of the ships and boats of the Ancient World and particularly of the Ancient Egyptians. Many years sailing and the book by Nancy Jenkins, "The Boat beneath the Pyramid" which considered the vessel buried alongside the Great Pyramid of Giza sparked this curiosity, and from this start point, the focus of the research moved to the catalogue of model vessels in the Cairo Museum collection, published by Reisner, and the surviving hulls from Dahshur. These sources were augmented and supported by the work by Boreux. Finds such as the timbers from Lisht added valuable information. An interest in the greater variety of vessels to be known from the Old and Middle Kingdoms concentrated the researcher's attention upon the craft of these periods. Three fragmentary examples of hull forms, supposedly not known until the Old Kingdom, have been included, as the categorization system proposed in this research attempts to push back the previously accepted dates of some Egyptian hull shapes.

This research, centred on the Early Holocene (11,000-5000 BCE) lithic technologies found in and around the Song Terus cave (Gunung Sewu, Java, Indonesia) provides a new focus for insights into the behaviour of pre-Neolithic groups in a wider South-East-Asian context after the Last Glacial Maximum.

These papers explore the function, morphology, materiality, technology, ritual function, and context of figurines, whether made of clay, wood, metal, stone, bone or shell. Case studies from around the world allow a comparative view of function and diversity across social contexts.

This monograph aims to throw light on the construction and enaction of gender in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Aegean, through analysis of a sample of 1660 previously published anthropomorphic figurines.

This is a study of the maritime dimension of transport, to and from the military installations and civilian settlements of the coasts and rivers of the west of Britain, where water was used as the means of conveyance of military and commercial traffic during the Romano-British period. The study gathers together the various strands of evidence and, through systematic analysis, argues that the seas and rivers were a major factor in the Roman supply system and that, whilst the Roman system of roads has received much attention, insufficient consideration has been paid to the role of water transport.

Papers from a session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fourth Annual Meeting in Göteborg 1998This is a collection of eight papers given at the EAA Conference in 1998. The authors examine various social aspects of rock art: from rock art and gender, rock art as part of Bronze Age funerary rites, rock art in the context of materialism and cosmology, rock art as ritual landscape of hunter fisher gatherers to rock art as visual representation.

Death in the Anasazi culture of the American southwestCases of trauma-related violent death among the Anasazi culture of the American Southwest have been documented since the beginning of archaeological study in the region. Researchers have reported these deaths as having been caused through violent activities associated with warfare, cannibalism, witch execution, and violence against women. Although trauma-related death has been discussed cursorily for a long period of time, in recent years it has received much attention as a legitimate study in and of itself. Several books have been written that focus on the subjects of warfare and cannibalism among the Anasazi. This study seeks to further the inquiry into violent death by comparing trauma-related death to non-trauma-related death in the Anasazi culture. Specifically, this study seeks to identify patterns of behaviour preserved in the archaeological record between those who died traumatically and those who did not among these prehistoric people.

This work focuses on the coin finds from a Roman auxiliary fort situated in the province of Dacia (AD 106-108), more precisely Dacia Porolissensis (AD 119-275), which was located on the border of the village of Buciumi (S¿laj County). The fort was systematically researched between 1963 and 1976 and is one of the best-known of its kind in Romania. 477 coin finds are discussed in this volume, 462 from the excavations of this auxiliary fort and 17 from a private local collection that were also found in the fort area. This study is of high importance because the coins allow the dating of the archaeological contexts within the fort starting from the 1st phase of construction up to the last phase of existence. The results provide specific contextual information on various important features within the fort: the precinct (gateways, corner and intermediary towers), the headquarters (principia), the commander's house (praetorium), the inner baths and other buildings. The coins are fully catalogued and illustrated.

This book examines how human interactions with animals, in particular now extinct cave bears (Ursus spelaeu), affected the social lives of prehistoric hunter-gatherers (hominins - Neanderthals and AMH) living in Central Europe (Moravia and Silesia/Eastern Czech Republic) during OIS3 (c. 60,000-24,000 Cal. BP). The author adopts a multidisciplinary approach, using published literature, animal remains, digital data, and GIS, together with odontometric and tooth-wear analyses, and spatial reconstruction techniques to identify potential interactions between hominins and cave bears. New theoretical concepts are used to interpret the results and as a means for making statements about the role that cave bears, and potential interactions with cave bears, played in the social lives of hominins. After the introduction Chapter 2 explores what interactions are, discusses and highlights the main issues associated with human-animal interactions, and outlines the approaches adopted. Chapter 3 presents an overview of cave bears, discussing issues such as the history of cave-bear research, cave-bear phylogeny, evidence for their presence, their geographical and chronological distribution, important elements of their ecology, biology, physiology, and ethology, and existing evidence for human use of their remains and cave-bear depictions. Chapter 4 presents a thorough overview of the case study, looking in particular at issues such as climate, geology, topography, flora, and fauna, hominins and cave bears in the study region, and the specific case study sites chosen for this book. Chapter 5 creates a digital framework, mapping site locations, lithic raw material outcrops, topography, palaeohydrology, palaeovegetation, friction maps, prey species distribution and diversity maps. Chapters 6 and 7 map cave-bear and hominin distribution patterns, and Chapter 8 brings the results of Chapters 6 and 7 together, identifying potential interactions between the two. In the final chapter the author discuss the significance of the results of the book both in terms of hominins and cave bears within the study region during OIS3, and within a wider zoological, spatial and temporal context.