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Most of the early settlers came by way of the sea, embarking at Mobile and New Orleans. Because of their innocence, or because of a certain love of independence, they entered through whatever ports on the Gulf seemed most expedient. The ports of entry which Mexico attempted to establish for the collection of customs duties were an early cause of friction which contributed to the Texas Revolution. And during the Revolution, the tiny Texas Navy, built around three sloops of war under Commodore Hawkins, was able to establish control of the Gulf of Mexico. These ships were the Independence, the Invincible, and the Brutus. With them Hawkins controlled the sea approaches to Texas, blocked reinforcements to Santa Anna, and contributed in large part to the many difficulties which beset the Mexican Army in its long overland march to the Alamo, Goliad, and San Jacinto Battles of 1836. So it was that Texas established a Naval tradition to stand alongside the brilliant military record achieved on land.- Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz

This book is concerned with one of the most urgent problems of scientifically based planning and control of the development of science and technology - contemporary methods of analyzing and forecasting trends in scientific and technological progress.The materials for this book are the most recent developments of Soviet and foreign students of science and also on the research carried out by the scientific collective headed by the author.The book presents the original theoretical conception of scientific and technological forecasting and outlines forecasting methods of interest both for practical planning works in the field of scientific and technological development, and for the projection of complex scientific and technological objects required in advanced scientific information.Similarly, the work is one of the first books in the USSR which systematically outlines and analyzes the contemporary state of scientific and technical forecasting as a complex problem in the study of science. Since this problem is of interest for wide circles in the scientific and technological community, the book has been written in a form intended for general use.

CONTENTS: Preface Introduction The Context of Prison Sexual Adjustment Prison Social Organization Prison Social Climate Non-Institutional Factors Affecting Sexual Adjustment Homosexuality in Male Institutions Incidence Prison Sexual Roles Homosexuality in Female Institutions Racial Factors in Prison Homosexuality Problem Definition and Solution Varieties of Intervention Administrative Responses Treatment Strategies Legal Measures Toward an Action and Research Strategy Notes Bibliography

In the quest for new and inexhaustible sources of energy, solar energy has become a promising contender. However, several factors prevent solar energy from falling freely into the Earth's surface, leading to the concept of collecting solar energy in space and beaming the energy to receiving units on the ground. Studies to date have not identified any barriers with regard to technical feasibility, and discussions with a number of respected scientists were told there are no scientific breakthroughs required. Yet solar power satellites do represent very large engineering endeavor. There are serious technical, environmental, economic, and other issues which require technology verification for resolution. These 1979 Congressional hearings presented a wealth of information from technical societies, cognizant Federal agencies, environmental groups, and the originator of the concept.

CONTENTS: Fragments of Recollections, Maxim Gorky, To Chekhov's Memory, Alexander Kuprin, A. P. Chekhov, Ivan A. Bunin

CONTENTS: The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed under Existing Conditions of Law and SentimentEugenics, its Definition, Scope, and AimsRestrictions in MarriageStudies in National EugenicsEugenics as a Factor in ReligionProbability, the Foundation of EugenicsLocal Associations for Promoting EugenicsSir Francis Galton (1822-1911) was a Victorian polymath: geographer, meteorologist, tropical explorer, founder of differential psychology, inventor of fingerprint identification, pioneer of statistical correlation and regression, convinced hereditarian, eugenicist, proto-geneticist, half-cousin of Charles Darwin and best-selling author.

The soldier reading these pages would do well to reflect on the wisdom of the statement exhibited in a Japanese shrine: "Woe unto him who has not tasted defeat." Victory too often leads to overconfidence and erases the memory of mistakes. Defeat brings into sharp focus the causes that led to failure and provides a fruitful field of study for those soldiers and laymen who seek in the past lessons for the future.The statesman and the informed citizen reading these pages will realize that our military means as well as our estimates and plans must always be in balance with our long-range national policy. This lesson - signposted by the Battle of Manila Bay; the Treaty of Paris, signed in December 1898 when we decided to keep the Philippines; the Washington Conference of 1921-22; and the Manchurian Crisis of 1931 - we ignored before Pearl Harbor. The result was defeat on the field of battle and the loss of the Philippine Islands.The author of The Fall of the Philippines, Louis Morton, served overseas as a historical officer in the South Pacific area and in the Philippines during World War II. Since 1945, he has been chief of the Pacific Section, Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. He holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree from Duke University, is the author of a volume on American colonial history, and has written a number of articles dealing with military affairs.Work on this volume was begun in 1947. The reader may gain some idea of the size of the task of writing this history by an appraisal of The Sources. Orlando Ward Major General, United States Army Chief of Military History

CONTENTSIntroductory CommentFocus of Review -- The Core Group of Studies -- Defining Father AbsenceJuvenile DelinquencyProblems of Differential Treatment -- Are They Really Overrepresented? -- Connection Between Father Absence and Juvenile Delinquency -- Family Factors -- Individual Psychological Factors -- Community Factors -- To Sum up Intellectual and Psychosocial FunctioningSchool Achievement -- SES Controls -- Types of Father AbsenceMasculine IdentityControls and Replications -- Measures Employed -- Long-term Prognosis -- Mental Illness and Marital Instability -- Recurrent Findings and QuestionsSome Conclusions. Implications, and QuestionsRecurrent Themes and Differentiations -- Fathers. Present and Absent Research ConsiderationsThe Family -- Un-families -- Context and Perspective -- Misleading Research Models -- The Type III ErrorSome Practical ImplicationsPrograms for all Boys -- Supports for the One-parent Mother -- More Men in Their Lives -- Public Attitudes and Information -- "Prevention"References

In his outstanding autobiography, Konstantin Stanislavsky reveals his own ideas and experience. "The theatre is the finest medium of intercourse between nations. It reveals their most cherished aspirations. If only these aspirations were revealed more often ... the nations would shake hands, and lift their caps, instead of training guns on each other." -- Konstantin Stanislavsky"This wise and delightful book...is packed with sage practical counsel to actors and actresses."-- The Times Literary Supplement"A great figure upon the world scene, one of the greatest men of the theatre that ever lived." -- New York Herald-Tribune"It was a source of great enlightenment to me." --Sir Laurence Olivier

Special operations - in this context, commando or guerilla activities - conducted by the U.S. Army in World War II have been the subject of a good many thrilling adventure stories but little sober, historical analysis. Only a handful of works have examined the critical issues underlying special operations, and the Army's historical series on World War II treats the subject only in passing. Yet special operations had a significant role that should not be ignored. Ranger units captured positions critical to the success of amphibious landings in the Mediterranean, France, and the Philippines. Partisans advised by American military personnel provided essential intelligence to American forces and harassed enemy troops in support of American operations in Italy, France, the Philippines, and Burma.As special operations forces grow in importance within the U.S. Army, we need to look at our experience with such activities in World War II. I recommend this study as an overview for Army leaders and other interested parties of an important, but often misunderstood subject. It fills a gap in the Army's history of World War II and honors individuals whose efforts, frequently unsung, nevertheless made a major contribution to the American and Allied victory in that war.Harold W. NelsonBrigadier General, United States ArmyChief of Military History

Translating scientific papers from foreign languages into English requires more than finding English equivalents in a dictionary. Sometimes the foreign words do not appear in the foreign-language dictionary or the equivalents cited for them are unsuitable. At other times the choice of equivalents is so wide that proper selection of the preferred English term is difficult. Dictionaries seldom make shades of meaning clear; they can usually be gleaned only from the context of the paper itself, from illustrations accompanying it, from a knowledge of the insect concerned, or by consulting European entomologists familiar with the common words in technical use. In older papers on entomology European writers used Latin technical terms in describing the parts of an insect's body, as American entomologists still do. But in the 1930's many European writers began to replace such technical terms by words from the common speech. Instead of the Latin, and hence universal, "abdomen," some German writers first adopted "Bauch" for the third section of an insect body. Since this word means abdomen or venter in man, it was not precise enough to designate the abdomen in insects. Therefore "Hinterleib" [= hinder part of the body] is now more generally used for abdomen; whereas "Bauch" is employed to mean the venter or sternum of the abdomen in insects, in more recent literature. These common words tend to be used loosely and inconsistently. Of two Russian collaborators in papers on grasshoppers, for instance, one uses a different Russian word for the sternum and the thorax, but the other uses the same Russian word for both. Many of these terms are not the ones preferred by European specialists in entomology. Many were incorrectly used by amateurs, or by entomologists writing in a language other than their own. Hence the terms appearing in this Glossary are not necessarily the ones used by the best writers, but the equivalents given for them were found to be those best suited for the purpose of a given translation. Miss Ericson had completed the manuscript for this glossary, but had no opportunity to review the proofs, at the time of her death on October 9, 1961.

This book sets forth methods of designing and analyzing metal engineering structures of steel and aluminum. The first two chapters are devoted to the fundamentals of designing and the theory of analyzing metal structures and structural members with account of the material working not only in the elastic, but also in the elastoplastic stage. Chapters 3-5 describe various structural shapes and methods of joining together structural elements, the actual behavior of the joints and their investigation, as well as certain industrial requirements which the design of structures must meet. In chapters 6-8 the reader will find a detailed consideration of the principal elements of metal structures such as beams, girders, trusses, and columns, as well as information on crane girders and eccentrically loaded columns. The design of metal structures consisting of separate structural elements is the subject matter of Chapters 9 and 10. The exposition of this material is based on examples of industrial buildings and some special large-span ad high structures. The last chapter sets forth the fundamentals of designing continuous sheet-metal structures (steel shells). All the material contained in the book conforms to the standards for designing steel structures and structures of aluminum alloys, as well as to the general building standards and regulations followed in the USSR.

A fascinating and shocking non-fiction work on the scandals and atrocities committed in the royal chambers of the Russian Imperial court. Alexandre Dumas (also known as Dumas père) (1802-1870) was one of the most famous French writers of the 19th century. Dumas is best known for the historical novels The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo, both written within the space of two years, 1844-45, and which belong to the foundation works of popular culture. Dumas' works are fast-paced adventure tales that blend history and fiction.

Oriental letters being a literary fad of the day, it was inevitable that Oliver Goldsmith should indulge his whim of "leaving scarcely any kind of writing untouched;" hence his series of Letters from Lien Chi Altangi, the Chinese philosopher in London. These Chinese letters are in the strictest sense by a wide-experienced Citizen of the World. They photograph many a quaint character whose types are as familiar to us as his originals were to Goldsmith. The living portrait gallery will fit generations yet to come. Not characters only but movements, political and social, great problems in government, art, education, and taste are mirrored and discussed with a breadth and charm not found elsewhere. Goldsmith's many-sidedness is displayed in these Letters, which are occasionally elaborated in other of his writings.

To Montesquieu belongs the honor of pioneering the movement out of which grew the philosophical dictionaries, encyclopedias, and the literary crusade against mental subjection. If ever satire had a distinct call to duty it was during the Regency in France. Montesquieu adopted the device of a series of familiar letters exchanged by two Persian travelers in France. They were completed in 1721. Popular taste was captivated by the wit and pleasantry of the Letters. They gently satirized the abuses rife in church and state; society was held up to ridicule for its pet sins.

From the preface when this work was originally published in 1888: "I have endeavored, in the following essay upon Micro-organisms, to show that psychological phenomena begin among the very lowest classes of beings; they are met with in every form of life from the simplest cellule to the most complicated organism. It is they that are the essential phenomena of life, inherent in all protoplasm." French psychologist Alfred Binet (1859-1911) took a different tack than most psychologists of his day: he was interested in the workings of the normal mind rather than the pathology of mental illness. He wanted to find a way to measure the ability to think and reason, apart from education in any particular field. From Binet's work, the phrase "intelligence quotient," or "IQ," entered the vocabulary.

A translation of Hugo's ultimate confession of faith. The volume dates from the period of the great romanticist's exile in the English island of Guernsey, to which he fled when Napoleon III usurped the throne of France. It is composed of a group of rhapsodies on such themes as "Genius," "Life and Death," "Reveries on God," in which the most versatile of nineteenth century men-of-letters sets down his final convictions on art, on religion, and on life. "A graceful and scholarly translation." - The Independent

Originally published in 1860, this book of military architecture features some truly spectacular examples of Roman and Medieval fortifications including castles, bastions, and camps. This remarkable work is a literal treasure trove of hard-to-find information on a litany of structures and defenses. An essay on military architecture and the various modes of warfare is presented along with details of each conquest. Representative of the best, most heavily fortified embattlements that were constructed from the days of Caesar through the Sixteenth century, this work includes engines of war, towers, cats, walls and wooden ramparts, drawbridges, moats, keeps, and curtain-walls of these castle forts and encampments. It is illustrated with eye views of medieval engagements, numerous sectional drawings as well as plans, and has complete descriptions of these classic wood, stone, and mortar structures revealing their secrets.

"This important book is one man's critical analysis of American strategy in the Vietnam war. That man, Harry Summers, is an active Army officer who began professional life as an enlisted soldier, knows personally the bayonet-point reality of war, and has thought widely about strategic issues. His commitment to the nation and Army he serves is unstinting." "... Colonel Summers has focused his attention at that point in the strategic continuum where military strategy and national policy come together. His main thesis is that a lack of understanding of the relationship between military strategy and national policy caused us to exhaust our will and endurance against a secondary enemy, the guerrilla movement in South Vietnam, instead of focusing our military efforts to check North Vietnamese expansion in support of our national policy of containment. ..." DeWitt C. Smith, Jr. Lieutenant General, United States Army (Retired)

This book, specially prepared for soil scientists and engineers, offers comprehensive coverage of basic soil concepts, systematics, mapping and examination procedures for soils. Specific National Standards and Procedures for classification of soils, design and name of map units, conventions for nomenclature, and location of special soil features are outlined. It provides standards for uniform and correct use of words and ideas and does much to standardize terms and procedures. Soil and landscape, character of soil maps and reports, field work, plotting, description of soils, parent materials, soil color, texture, structure, consistence, reaction, special formations, organic matter, erosion, vegetation, land use, soil classification, samples, correlation and inspection, report, reconnaissance are included. The Soil Survey Manual provides in a single volume the major principles and practices needed for making and using soil surveys and for assembling and using data related to them. The Manual is intended primarily for use by soil scientists engaged in the classification and mapping of soils and in the interpretation of soil surveys. It is oriented to the needs of those actively engaged in preparing soil surveys for publication. The Manual is universally useful and is the primary reference on principles and technical detail for local, State and Federal contributions to authorized soil surveys. Soil scientists concerned with soil surveys in other countries have used it as well. Teachers have used it both as a text and as a reference for students.

Two things combine to single out this book of tales as worthy of special attention. The tales were written six centuries ago, yet they are both interesting and instructive; and the life of the author reads like a fable. This man of royal blood was statesman, politician, and above all, warrior. He is, in fact, known as one of the most vigorous, turbulent, and dangerous barons of his time. Only during lulls between his great activities did he become author. He made writing his diversion, according to his own words, because he felt this to be more worthy of a gentleman than wasting his time at games. Yet, in these fifty pleasant stories, Don Juan Manuel has produced one of the highlights in Spanish literature, both as to content and as to style. This edition is intended to bring Don Juan into the libraries of those who enjoy the unusual when it is also good.

Clausewitz observed of Russia that "it was a country which could be subdued only by its own weakness and by the effects of internal dissension. In order to strike these vulnerable spots of its body politic, Russia would have to be agitated at the very center." In reading this study, the military student will realize how dearly the Germans had to pay for ignoring Clausewitz's advice. The purpose of this study is to describe German planning and operations in the first part of the campaign against Russia. The narrative starts with Hitler's initial plans for an invasion of Russia and ends at the time of Germany's maximum territorial gains during the battle for Stalingrad. The material for this study was obtained from Germany military records now in the custody of The Adjutant General, Department of the Army. Monographs by former German general officers who had an active part in the planning and operations provided additional information. The authors of these monographs, prepared for the Historical Division, United States Army, Europe, include Generaloberst Franz Halder, Chief of Staff of the German Army from 1938-1942; Generaloberst Gotthard Heinrici, a former corps, army, and group commander on the Russian front; and several others. The study was written by George E. Blau of the Special Studies Division, Office of the Chief of Military History. In his presentation, the author made every effort to give an objective account of Germany's initial efforts to conquer Soviet Russia in World War II.

In the chapter, "What Is Anarchism?" social revolutionary Parsons explained how his strain of anarchist socialism derived its name and purpose from the Greek words for "no" and "government." Albert R. Parsons (1848-1887), former Confederate soldier, American anarchist and Haymarket martyr, was one of the four hanged for his alleged involvement in the bombing in Chicago's Haymarket Square on May 4, 1886. Albert, was one of the Haymarket martyrs, those labor and anarchist leaders fighting for an eight-hour day who were unfairly tried and hung for their role in police riots on May 3, 1886. Albert was not even present at the meeting where a mysterious bomb killed a police officer. The last lines in this book were written as he was being taken from his cell to the gallows. He met his wife, Lucy, in 1870 and they were soon married, in violation of laws against "race-mixing." She was born in Texas during the Civil War to parents who were likely slaves; she had Black, Mexican and American Indian roots. Lucy was among the organizers of the attempted strike in 1886 that led to the bombing, and she continued to be active in the radical wing of the labor movement until her death in 1942. May Day, International Workers Day, celebrated every May 1, commemorates the Haymarket martyrs and the struggle of all working people.

Reprinted from the 9th edition of 1896, the reference is extensively illustrated with examples, packed with names, definitions and descriptions. Parker's most popular, if not his most profound, work. It includes fresh ideas on Saxon architecture, an article on stained glass by Willement, and (like most of Parker's writings) is charmingly - and accurately - illustrated by Jewitt. John Henry Parker was born in London in 1806. An English scholar, he was interested in the history of architecture and in restoration. After a period spent in Rome, Parker entered the field of classical archaeology. In 1868 he founded the British and American Archaeological Society of Rome. In 1870 he was elected director of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. He died there in 1884.

Airmen Against The Sea is a study of how military personnel survived under emergency conditions in the sea. It is not a water survival manual, but is a factual report of what happened to men who bailed out or ditched at sea, and whose only refuge for days on end was a rubber liferaft. Under such topical headings as bailout versus ditching, survival equipment, the liferaft, food, hazards, injuries, morale, and many others, the experiences of the survivors themselves are emphasized. The result is a new and fresh insight into the problems of survival at sea which will be of interest to all those who fly over water, and of particular value to those concerned directly with rescue operations, with water survival training, and with the development of survival material. Dr. George A. Llano, project officer for this study, has had first-had knowledge of survival at sea. He survived for 2 days on a liferaft in the Straits of Florida, and during World War II was engaged in field-testing sea survival equipment and liferafts for the USAF Air Proving Ground Command.. Dr. Llano consulted numerous sources in compiling factual information on the actions and activities of successful survivors.