Constructing Counter-Culture Through Liberation Theology Through Liberation Theology: Sebastian Kappen SJ (1924-93)

Institutional, hierarchical, and established systems and orders often consider critical voice and revolutionary ideologies unorthodox and fallacious. Such established systems and institutions enjoy self-given legitimacy and orthodoxy, and thus, it is easier for them to marginalize and silence everything that is against them. This is evidently clear in political, cultural, sociological, and religious sectors. Our focus is on Sebastian Kappen SJ, one of the radical progressive Christian thinkers from India, who is inadequately explored in religious and other sectors. Kappen's strong dissent to the established cultural, political, and religious systems took him to the concept of counter-culture. This work is an investigation into his attempts towards constructing a counter-culture by bringing together historical Jesus, Karl Marx, and Buddha. Kappen expected a cultural revolution and the dawn of a counter-cultural era in India.