History of Astronomy

The growth of intelligence in the human race has its counterpart in that of
the individual, especially in the earliest stages. Intellectual activity and the
development of reasoning powers are in both cases based upon the
accumulation of experiences, and on the comparison, classification,
arrangement, and nomenclature of these experiences. During the infancy of
each the succession of events can be watched, but there can be no à
priorianticipations. Experience alone, in both cases, leads to the idea of
cause and effect as a principle that seems to dominate our present universe,
as a rule for predicting the course of events, and as a guide to the choice of
a course of action. This idea of cause and effect is the most potent factor in
developing the history of the human race, as of the individual.

In no realm of nature is the principle of cause and effect more conspicuous
than in astronomy; and we fall into the habit of thinking of its laws as not
only being unchangeable in our universe, but necessary to the conception of
any universe that might have been substituted in its place. The first
inhabitants of the world were compelled to accommodate their acts to the
daily and annual alternations of light and darkness and of heat and cold, as
much as to the irregular changes of weather, attacks of disease, and the
fortune of war. They soon came to regard the influence of the sun, in
connection with light and heat, as a cause. This led to a search for other
signs in the heavens. If the appearance of a comet was sometimes noted
simultaneously with the death of a great ruler, or an eclipse with a scourge
of plague, these might well be looked upon as causes in the same sense that
the veering or backing of the wind is regarded as a cause of fine or foul
weather.